s 



AN ADDRESS 



ON 



ELEMENTARY 



Agricultural Chemistry, 



J. MUNROE LENNARD, 

IN WHICH 

THE SUBJECT OF FERTILIZERS IS VENTILATED, 
" AND THE FRAUDS PRACTICED UPON PLANT- 
ERS BY DEALERS AND MANIPULATORS 
OF GUANO COMPOUNDS EXPOSED; 

AND 

MANY PRACTICAL AND VALUABLE HINTS AND 

RECUSES 

(JIVEN FOR COMPOUNDING MANURES ON THE 
. FARM, OUT OF HOME INGREDIENTS AND 
THE RAW COMMERCIAL MATERIALS. 




Intelligent Manuring is the corner stone of successful agriculture. 

Economical Manuring leaves a margin bettveen the cost of pro- 
duction and the proceeds. ^"^"nr 7r"*>^^ 

Frice per copy, 25 Cents..i .„ ^ 
Address, with stamp, the Author at CoLUMBUS-j^Gi^f^jNV^-^ v 

DECEMBER, 1873. ^ 




GopyiiglitN"__ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



^ 






ADDRESS. 



It is the melancholly experience of mankind tliat when- 
ever an opportunity for tlie practice of fraud is presented, 
there are found plenty to step in and occupy the ground. No 
opportunity for such fraudulent practice ever offered hetter 
facilities than in the manufacture and sale of the so-called 
(iuanos and Super-phosphates. 

In the purchase of these the planter has no means what- 
ever of ascertaining their constituents and manurial value. 
He must depend upon the laudatoiy statements of an inte- 
rested agent, who, in nearly every case, is as ignorant of the 
true value of what he sells, as the farmer is of what he huys, 
and who, in turn, must depend upon the statements of the 
mani})ulator, who in most cases is a denizen of Yankee-land, 
and who believes it his religious privilege to steal from 
southern rebels especially, but who cares not much how or 
where he gets his greenbacks, so he gets them. It is at the 
feet of such creatures as these the hard-fisted Southerner 
lays his hard earnings when he buys a guano compound. 

How then is the planter to guard against imposition 
whenever it is desirable to purchase his manures. The pro- 
per way, and indeed the only proper way, is for each planter 
for himself to ascertain what he needs, and then learn where 
to obtain and what to pay for the raw materials, and how to 
compound them for himself. It is this very informatioQ 
which we propose to give him in these pages. If in doing 
so we shall succeed in saving but five dollars on the produc- 
tive cost of each bale of cotton to each reader of this little 
pamphlet, we shall have accomplished more for the pros- 
})erity and independence of our beloved South than at any 
time previous, although it was for her, and in the defence of 
her rights, we freely spilled our blood and buried a portion 
of our body on one of her ever memorable battle-grounds. 

I here assert, and shall demonstrate in these pages, that, 
besides the risk of being imposed on by sjncrious compounds, 
the planter can purchase ingredients and make his manures 
at a cheaper, rate than the manipulator can do it for him, 



even if the manipulator is honest in his dealings and sold 
his compound at prime cost. Such an assertion, I know, 
seems incredible to the uninformed, hut we shall prove its 
truthfulness. 

For instance, the planter may, by proper fermentation, 
produce soluble phosphoric acid, which is one of the four in- 
gredients essential in every complete manure ; whereas tlie 
manipulator, for his purposes, can produce it only by the 
use of sulphuric acid, which is a more costly ingredient than 
the phosphate itself. Besides the manipulator must add two 
or three hundred pounds of water to the ground phosphate 
to make the sulphuric acid take; on which water the planter, 
to say the least, must pay freight, if he buys the manufac- 
tured article. Again, the manufacturer must hire his labor 
for this particular purpose; whereas the planter may per- 
form his manipulations with labor already in his employ- 
ment, and at odd times and rainy seasons, at no additional 
cost. The advantages here enumerated in favor of the plan- 
ter, are more than sufficient to overbalance all the advan- 
tages enjoyed by the manipulator, in the way of freights and 
the obtaining of the ingredients at a lower rate, because 
purchased in larger quantity and with greater cash cai)ita]. 
Besides, the freights on the manufactured article ratehi<i,her 
than the freights on the raw materials, so that the planter 
by purchasing the raw materials instead of the manufactured 
article, saves in freight in this respect — saves all the freight 
on the water, saves all the cost on the sulphuric acid, and 
saves the cost of labor necessary to manipulate; and more 
than all, saves being imposed upon by dishonest manufactu- 
rers, saves himself the uncertainty and doubt which always 
attaches to the purchase of an unknown compound; and 
finally, saves the cruel disappointments, which too often at- 
tends the purchase of spurious and worthless articles. 

These statements being true, and I defy successful contra- 
diction, it is so manifestly to the interest of planters to 
ignore compounds, and deal only in the ingredients for 
making manures, that certainly no intelligent planter will 
hesitate longer which policy to adopt. 

In addition, it must be remembered that the manipulator 
must go to large expense to introduce his article; he must 
advertise extensively, and publish great numbers of pam- 
phlets and circulars for gratuitous distribution; and must 
pay his general agents each ten dollars per ton, and sub- 
agents each five dollars per ton; and then the manipulators 
must of course have handsome dividends out of their invest- 
ment: all of which charges must be tacked on to the prime 



J 



5 

cost, and must be paid for by the poor, duped and unfortu- 
nate consumer. 80 that, in ninety-nine cases out of a hun- 
dred, a manure that leaves Baltimore at a prime cost of six- 
teen dollars per ton, is consumed by the planter at a cost of 
from sixty-five to seventy-five dollars. 

Now, if the planter can produce the same manure, on his 
own farm, at the same rates that it can be procured in Bal- 
timore, where is the good sense in his giving to a Yankee 
sharper a bonus of forty dollars per ton on all the manure 
he uses ? Are they so deserving of our bounty ; or is our 
land so productive, that we can thus afford, so lavishly, to 
scatter our hard earnings ? Nay, planters of the South, it 
is because we have not had the inclination to investigate this 
subject — it is because, like our mother Eve, who, while being 
robbed of her Eden, was charmed into acrjuiescence, by the 
oily tongue of the father of lies — we have allowed our antici- 
pations played upon, while the sharpers have quietly rifled 
our pockets. 

What, if now and then, a planter of sanguine tempera- 
ment, and under favorable circumstances, has experienced 
some benefit from the use of a certain compound, — which 
benefits he magnifies to two or three times its proper pro- 
portions, and is, thereby, induced to give the manufacturer 
a flaming certificate — is that any reason why we should pay 
sixty-five dollars for what we can just as easily obtain for 
sixteen ? Nonsense ! nonsense ! 

No, planters, we will not do it longer than we can obtain 
that light which will enable us to avoid it, — -enable us to be 
independent of the manipulator. It is the object of these 
pages to furnish that light. If the writer fiails in this, he 
hopes that he shall, at least, succeed in arousing an investi- 
gating spirit upon this all important subject. We say all 
important, because the enriching of land, in the most expe- 
ditious and economical manner, is the corner stone of suc- 
cessful agriculture. 

It is the foundation upon which, all permanent prosperi- 
ty in an agricultural community must be built, under any 
system of government, or with any kind of labor, but more 
especially so, where the labor is all hired. It is a well re- 
cognized principle, that the more productive the farm, the 
cheaper will be the labor, other things being equal. Thus, 
a man who makes six bales of cotton to the hand pays not 
half so much wages, at the same rates, as the man who 
makes only three bales to the hand. Whenever the produc- 
tive power of land is croj)ped down, to where the cost of pro- 
duction overbalances the proceeds, as is the case at present 



6 

with Middle and Soutli Georgia and Alabama, the land has 
become utterly worthless for agricultural purposes. It must 
then, either be abandoned, or the owner must set himself 
vigorously to work to recuperate it. 

To use a worthless compound on it in this condition, en- 
tails a double loss to the piauter. In addition to the amount 
invested in the so-called manure, he is induced to cultivate 
land at a positive loss, which otherwise, would have been 
abandoned to pasture. Such experiments, renewed from 
year to year, with the same results, only varying the names 
of the compounds used, begets in the planter a mistrust of 
everything in the form of a commercial manure ; causes him 
to despair of ever being able to bring his land up to a point 
of paying fertility ; — weakens his energies and his efforts, 
and thus brings manifold injuries upon the general commu- 
nity. It is the duty of the patriot — the statesman and the 
philanthropist, to use efforts, to ward off and checkmate these 
evils, and he who only partially succeeds, deserves the thanks 
of a people, who, for eight long years, have been struggling 
against the giant poverty, but who, on account of the evils 
above named, have been simply serving as overseers on their 
own plantations for their JSorthern task-masters. 

Taking it tor granted, that every planter who reads this, 
will recognize the truth and force of the above remarks, both 
from his own experience and his observation upon what 
others have done and are doing, we will proceed directly, to 
the task which lies out bef>reus. 

In a brief address like this, we can do no more than sketch 
the most important features of Agricultural Chemistry, and 
throw out some practical, and as we deem, valuable hints, 
to assist the planter in procuring the essential ingredients ; 
and give some rules for the compounding of them upon his 
own premises. The intelligent planter, who has the time 
and the inclination, can pursue his investigations, by the 
perusal of works which go more fully into the details of Ag- 
ricultural Chemistry. 'J'he main object of this address, 
being, to arouse our planters to an investigation of this sub- 
ject, and to convince them that they can educate themselves 
in this respect, and that it is, by no means, a heaven or- 
dained principle, that the professors of colleges, or the manu- 
facturers ot fertilizers, should hold in their inflexible grasp, 
all the knowledge bearing upon a subject, so vitally connec- 
ted with the march of civilization and the material pros- 
perity of the entire race. God did not intend that our first 
parents, in dressing the garden, should simply perform a 
routine of manual labor, but that, in their efforts to improve 



their Eden, they should expand their own intellects, as well 
as give exercise to their muscles ; and that gradually from 
day to day, and from year to year, they should become more 
fully acquainted with the wonderful laws of nature and their 
own being, and should thereby, constantly find fresh food 
for their wonder and reverence for His goodness. His wis- 
dom, and His omnipotence. If the life of the agriculturist 
is to be confined to the one point, of furnishing food and 
raiment for his household, then indeed, is his, a sorry 
calling — a tread-mill work. He is indeed^ a hewer of wood 
and a drawer of water. When he pursues his avocation as 
a science, as well as an art, then he dignifies his calling — he 
places himself upon a level with the astronomer, the chemist, 
the geologist and the philosopher ; indeed he makes all 
other sciences, subservient to, and a handmaid of, the science 
of agriculture. He makes his the grandest, as well as the 
first vocation of man, made in the image of God. 

It has been determined by scientific experimenters, and 
the results of the laboratory, that while there are many in- 
gredients which enter into th^ composition of plants, that 
there are but four which are worthy of the planter's con- 
sideration — but four, the presence or absence of which, con- 
stitute the difference between the productiveness, or the 
sterility, of cultivated lands. These four are: Ammonia, 
Phosphoric Acid, Potash and Lime. The entire absence of 
either one of these ingredients, in any virgin or cultivated 
soil, renders it completely sterile, for most of the cultivated 
plants. In proprortion to the exhaustion of any one, or all 
of them, by continuous cropping, or by drenching rains, just 
in that proportion does the land become unproductive. All 
the other ingredients, which enter into cultivated plants, are 
supplied by the earth, the atmosphere and the water, under 
any and all circumstances. Out of the great number of these, 
Providence has ordained that the hand and mind of man, 
shall be cor cerned, to supply only the four above named. 
"We shall not, therefore, in this address, as we are not 
writing a complete work on chemistry, name or discuss any 
others, only as they incidently affect these four. 



AMMONIA. 

Ammonia is formed of fourteen parts of nitrogen, with 
three parts of hydrogen. Nitrogen is so essential to the 
growth of plants, that no matter, if every other element of 
plant food was present in excess, without it, they could 
never come to maturity. Its various sources of available and 



8 

economical supply, therefore, is a question of the first impor- 
trnce to the enterprising agriculturist. Nitrogen may exist' 
in the atmosphere, in the soil and in organic matter, such as 
the horns, hoofs and hair of animals, in the immediate 
presence of plants in great ahundance, and yet, furnish no 
food ; hecause it is not in such a state as that it can be ap- 
propriated by the plant. Nature furnishes the crude mate- 
rials, and by its slow processes, in part, prepares the food 
for plants. But it belongs to the intelligent hand of man, 
in this, as in many other things, to come to nature's assis- 
tance. In this, man manifests himself the lord of creation, 
as, in q.he beginning, it was declared of him he should be. 
Plants can no more assimilate and thrive upon food which 
has not been properly prepared, either in nature's great 
laboratory, or by the hand of man, than can man himself. 
Indeed, man and other animals, in this respect, have the ad- 
vantage of the vegetable kingdom ; for nature has supplied 
them with teeth, wherewith, to masticate solid food ; whereas 
plants must take all their food either in solution or in a 
gaseous form. 

When, therefore, nitrogen, the appropriate food for plants, 
is presented to them in the horns, hoofs or bones of animals, 
the plant has no power to assimilate it, until by the hand 
of man, or the slow process of decomposition, it is released 
from the grasp of other materials and allowed to unite with 
hydrogen in the form of ammonia, when it may be appro- 
priated and assimilated by the plant. This is the form in 
which it is presented to plants in Peruvian Guano, fermented 
dung and urine, and in deca5dng cotton seed, &c., and is 
the reason why these substances produce such marked effects 
upon the growth of plants. But when this substance, nitro- 
gen, is set free, by any process^ and is converted into actual 
ammonia, it is exceedingly volatile and diffusable in the 
surrounding atmosphere, and unless closely guarded, or fixed 
by some substance as gypsum, will escape beyond the 
power of man to reclaim it. It has a pungent smell, and in 
this way may be detected escaping from a pile of fermenting 
cotton seed or stable dung. Quick lime has the power of 
dissipating, or driving this substance off into the atmosphere, 
and is, on this account, a very injurious element to be mixed 
with any manure containing ammonia. Yet this same proper- 
ty in lime^ adds to its value as a manure, when scattered hy 
itself qvei the land, as it causes the inorganic matters, which 
hold nitrogen in their embrace, to turn it loose, thus allowing 
the plants to appropriate it. Like all the other blessings of 
nature, when misapplied, it becomes a source of actual mis- 



9 

chief. Fermentation and decomposition is one of nature's 
processes, by which nitrogen as potential ammonia, or in its 
latent state, may be converted into actual ammonia, and thus 
brought into a state as active plant food. Now, man may 
hasten fermentation and decomposition, and place substances 
in bulk, which scattered would not ferment at all, but would 
decompose very slowly, thus allowing time for the ammonia, 
as it is set free, to entirely escape into the atmosphere. It 
is quite important, therefore, that the planter should heap 
together every substance which contains ammonia, in such a 
state, as to bring about rapid decomposition, at the same 
time, adding gypsum or land plaster, to prevent the escape 
of the free ammonia ; and over the whole throw a layer of 
earth. It is a lavish waste of money to bring ammonia, in 
the shape of Peruvian Guano, at great cost, from the islands 
of the sea, until we have used every available means to pro- 
duce it on our own farms, and until we cease to allow it to 
escape, ijnheeded, into the atmosphere ; thus vitiating the 
air we breathe and breeding disease and death, instead of 
turning it into a life-producing and wealth-creating channel. 
The substances which contain actual ammonia are the solid 
and liquid excrements of man and animals, cotton seed, &c. 
The substances containing nitrogen, capable of forming am- 
monia, are horns, hoofs, hair and bones of animals. Swamp- 
muck contains also, upon average, six dollars and thirty - 
four cents worth of ammonia per ton. But this last should 
not be applied to land until it has been dried and fermented 
with other matters which destroys its ascidity, and prepares 
it mechanically for satisfactory application. Dried swamp- 
muck may be used with much profit, as an absorbent, about 
the stables and cattle pens, and in the hen roost. It may be 
placed in hoppers, and form a recepticle for soapsuds and 
urine ; so used, it will extract their manurial ingredients and 
permit the water to pass through pure and clear. If it is 
desirable to purchase ammonia, which we do not think will 
be the case if the planter uses diligence in saving his home 
supplies, it may be bought in Peruvian Guano, or as sul- 
phate of ammonia. 

A simple mode by which a planter may determine the 
quantity of ammonia in any fertilizer, is briefly described as 
follows : Into a small and cheaply constructed tin retort 
place, say 100 grains of any fertilizer, with a portion of water, 
and then add about 100 grains of unslacked lime and close 
the retort, and distill with a gentle heat over a spirit lamp, 
or in the absence of this, over some coals, keeping the beak 



lO 

of the retort well enveloped in cold cloths, over which cold 
water is kept teeming whilst the distillation proceeds. 

The ammoniacal value of the manure is at once determined 
hy the strength of the ammonia (or hartshorn) which you 
have collected from this distillation. 

Before leaving this suhject, we will remark, that when 
piles of cotton seed are thrown out to rot, which is the cus- 
tom with some, a sufficient amount of gypsum should be 
mixed with them, to fix the ammonia as it is set free by fer- 
mentation ; and when sufficiently moistened to produce fer- 
mentation, should he covered with a temporary shelter or at 
least have a layer of earth thrown over them, and brought 
up in a conical shape. The value of the heap would be added 
to, if transferred to another pen or turned over after once 
cooling off. The reason for this is, the oxygen in the pile is 
exhausted when fermentation ceases. Turning over will 
give to the pile a fresh supply and a new fermentation will 
set in. The object of fermentation being to render soluable 
the materials, the more thoroughly this takes place, the 
more completely will the desired object be accomplished. If, 
when tearing down the pile, the ammonia is found by the 
smell to be escaping, more gypsum should be added. The 
pea and clover belong to that class of plants which draw 
their ammonia from the atmosphere^, and lience are consid- 
erable sources of supply of that material when plowed into 
the land. 

Any kind of decaying vegetation, beneath the surface, 
evolves ammonia. The carcasses of animals, in their decom- 
position^ evolve considerable ammonia, and should, whenever 
practicable, be made a part of the compost heap. Indeed, 
no substance containing nitrogen, capable of being converted 
into actual ammonia, should be allowed to waste this valua- 
ble life-producing element upon the desert air ; so to act_, is a 
useless and criminal waste of one of the leading sources of 
wealth and comfort to the agriculturist. Substances con- 
taining nitrogen must enter largely into the food of man and 
beast ; for this element is essential to the development of 
the muscular and nervous system_, and to the generating of 
blood. 



PHOSPHORIC ACID. 

We will now proceed to discuss another leading and es- 
sential ingredient in every complete manure, viz_, Phosphoric 
Acid. 

This article is composed of phosphorus 43.66, and oxygen 
56.34^ in one hundred parts. The phosphorus, however. 



11 

and n(it the oxygen, is the active manurial element and 
object of prime consideration to the planter. Its union with 
the oxygen being only a convenient form for appropriation 
and a.ssimilation by the plant. 

Phosphorus enters largely into the composition of bones, 
and is essential to bone development in the human and ani- 
mal system, and like nitrogen, therefore, must enter largely 
into the food of man and iDeast. If children, during their 
growth, and while their constitution is being formed, are 
nourished upon food wanting in this element, they will be 
wanting in proper bone development. To convert it, there- 
fore, into bone for the growth and development of our sys- 
tems, we must first feed it to the plants, and through the 
plants take it as nourishment into our bodies. On the other 
hand, the bones of deiunct animals, when pulverized and 
rendered soluble, furnish this element as food to the plants. 
Thus, a reciprocal process is continually going on between 
the animal and the vegetable kingdom. The death of the one 
is the lile of the other. In this way, nature is continually re- 
producing herself. No particle is ever lost, but, in some 
form, serves to sustain life. It is the province of the agri- 
culturist so to separate, gather and prepare these particles, 
as to produce the maximum results in all his operations. 

Until recently_, the bones of animals was nearly the only 
source of available supply of this material. But of late im- 
mense deposits of mineral phosphates have been discovered 
and developed, so that the supply of this material is no 
longer attended with uncertainty — no longer subject to the 
greed ^f monopolies. Yet, such is the indifference and igno- 
rance of our planters on this subject, that they have quietly 
permitted manipulators to purchase these ingredients from 
the miners at small cost, and re-sell them to the farmer un- 
der various names and varying compounds, at many times 
their original cost. We learn from the report of Dr. N. A. 
Pratt, in regard to the phosphate beds of Carolina, that this 
mineral deposit covers an area of forty or fifty square miles, 
varying in depth from six inches to twelve feet. He says : 
*' Near the Ashley river it paves the public highways for 
miles ; it seriously impedes and obstructs the cultivation of 
the land, affording scarcely soil enough to hill up the cotton 
rows ; and the phosphates have for years past been thrown 
into piles on the lawns, and into causeways over ravines, to 
get them out of the reach of the plows. ' ' Now in order to pro- 
duce or evolve phosphoric acid from these mineral phos- 
phates, or from bones, they must first be submitted to a me- 
chanical, and then to a chemical action. They must first be 



12 

ground, and then made soluable by sulphuric acid or some 
other process, such as fermentation in compost, in connection 
with gypsum or some other substance containing sulphur. 
The manipulator for his purposes — namely, the sale of the 
article — can use only the first method. 

He is compelled to use sulphuric acid, which is a very 
costly ingredient. Indeed, enough acid to properly dissolve 
a ton of phosphate, is far more co.stly than the phosphate 
itself. Both methods are open to the planter, and the latter 
is far preferable, on account of its simplicity and economy. 
To illustrate, the planter may take a ton of mineral phos- 
phate, which ground and sacked at the mills, will cost from 
fifteen to twenty dollars per ton, and mix with a ton of gyp- 
sum, or land plaster, which ought to cost from fifteen to 
twenty dollars laid down, and then mix with ten ton of cot- 
ton seed, which at twenty cents per bushel are worth $120, 
making the whole cost not more than $160 for the twelve 
tons. The cotton seed should be dampened before mixing 
the phosphate and gypsum, so as to produce fermentation. 
If allowed thus to remain a sufficient length of time the fol- 
lowing process takes place : The sulphur in the gypsum 
having a greater affinity for the lime in the phosphate than 
the phosphorus has, unites with the lime and sets the phos- 
phoric acid free. This is the identical result which the ma- 
nipulator accomplishes by the use of his costly sulphuric acid. 
The above process will not take place, except under fermen- 
tation. Any manurial substance which will ferment in bulk 
as lot manure, will produce the same result as the cotton seed. 
Thus, the planter may produce his own phosphoric aqkl and 
is entirely independent, in this respect, of the manipulator. 

Thus it will be seen the planter can produce on his own 
farm twelve tons of a valuable fertilizer, at a cost of one 
hundred and sixty dollars, or at about fourteen dollars per 
ton. If he buys from the manipulator he pays sixty-five 
dollars per ton, and gets a manure which, pound for pound, 
is no better than the home-made article. Now, lest some 
may question these statements, I refer them to a recent work 
on ''American Manures," by Dr. W. H. Buckner, of Phila- 
delphia, which work no planter can read without profit, and 
to which I most conscientiously refer all persons desirous of 
investigating more fully all these questions. It has been 
determined by analysis that cotton seed hull contains, in one 
hundred parts, 19.90 phosphate of lime. But this, like the 
mineral phosphate and the bone, though not to so great an 
extent, is 'not readily soluble. It will pay the planter to 
use every available means to render this phosphate in his 



13 

cotton seed soluble bofore manuring with them, if, while do- 
ing so, he is careful to prevent the escape of the free ammo- 
nia. It is the heiajht of folly in a planter to sell his cotton 
seed at fifteen or twenty cents a bushel to an oil mill or for 
any other purpose, and then pay a high price for guano, 
which, often times, pound for pound, is worth no more than 
the cotton seed which he has disposed of for a mere song. 
It is strange indeed that cotton planters have not yet learned 
to properly appreciate cotton seed as a manure, and how to 
manipulate them to the best advantage. I am satisfied that 
if an acre of land is brought up to a proper degree of fertili- 
ty, and its soil not allowed to be washed away by the rains, 
that it may be cultivated almost indefinitely in cotton, if all 
the seed are returned to the land and no cattle are allowed 
to tramp the land and eat u]) its foliage. Cotton exhausts 
land less than any other of the cultivated plants, if nothing 
is taken off but the lint. But, on account of its clean cul- 
ture, it leaves it more liable to be damaged by the rains. 
If, however, the seed is taken off with the lint the land parts 
with some of the best elements of its fertility. At the close 
of this address I will append a report on "Cotton Seed Oil 
and Fertilizers," submitted to the Atlanta Manufacturers' 
Association, showing the great value of the cotton seed 
hull alone as a fertilizer. The planter may utilize such 
bones as accumulate about his premises by pounding them 
with a hammer after they have lain for a while in moistened 
ashes, and then remixing them with strong ashes moistened 
with water, and so continuing the process of pounding, stir- 
ring and watering at intervals until all the parts are thor- 
oughly dissolved. A slight inducement to the little ne- 
groes, with a plug of tobacco occasionally to the large ones, 
would cause to be accumulated in one year's time, on any 
plantation, a pile of bones that would astonish the proprie- 
tor. 



POTASH. 

The next ingredient of a complete manure, which claims 
our attention, is potash. As every farmer is familiar with 
this substance, on account of its soap-making properties, it 
is unnecessary to waste space in its description. It enters 
largely into the ash of all cultivated plants, thus showing 
its indispensable connection with their growth and perfect 
maturity. So largely does it enter into the composition of 
Indian corn that that plant is denominated by writers on 
agricultural chemistry as one of the potash plants. It should 



14 

be the main ingredient in any manure for the potato. In- 
deed neither corn or potatoes can be profitably raised on 
land which does not contain plentifully of potash. All po- 
rous, sandy soils, which have been cultivated for any length 
of time, are exhausted of this ingredient. Its extreme capa- 
bility of entering into solution with water, and passing off 
with its flow, or of permeating with it into a porous subsoil, 
is demonstrated by the comuaon ash-hopper. Clayey soils 
being more tenacious and less permeable to water, are not 
so readily exhausted of their potash. Besides, being of a 
granitic formation, they abound more largely in potash from 
the outset. May not this be one reason why corn, wheat 
and Irish potatoes, all of which contain largely of potash, 
grow to greater perfection on clayey than on sandy soils? 
On this account, we do not thiuk'it so needful that a manure 
abounding in potash should be used on a soil composed of 
clay as on a sandy soil. This hint will serve, in some de- 
gree, to guide the planter in the selection of his manures. 
If a soil already abounds in potash it is a waste of money to 
pay a high price for manure of which it is one of the prime 
ingredients. Every farmer has noticed the increased vigor 
with which all cultivated plants grow, especially on a sandy 
soil, where a brush pile has been "recently burned. Tuis is 
due mainly to the potash in the ashes of the heap. With 
this knowledge every provident planter will save all the 
ashes about his premises, both leached and unleached, and 
apply them near the surface on his corn or potatoes. 
Whenever vegetable matter is plowed in, it adds to the sup- 
ply of potash in the soil. We will here remark, that vegeta- 
ble matter, whether green or dry, ought always to be plowed 
in very shallow. The reason for this is, the more thorough- 
ly organic matter is excluded from the action of the atmos- 
phere the more effectually is its decomposition prevented. 
This is shown by logs and poles which are found at great 
depth beneath the surface, and which, when exhumed, are 
entirely undecoyed, and yet a few months' exposure to the 
air will entirely decompose them. Another reason for the 
shallow turning of vegetable matter is, that potash and other 
soluble salts have a tendency to pass, in solution, down to 
the subsoil. One of the advantages of clover and pea, as re- 
cuperatives of soils, is that they send down a deep tap root 
and bring back to the surface the soluble salts. 

But it should rejoice the agricultural world to know, that 
recently vast mines abounding in potash have been discov- 
eied in Germany. Dr. Lee says on this subject, in the July 
number of that excellent journal, the Plantation ^ that '^some 



15 

of our readers may be interested to learn that the kaiuit, or 
saU of potash, so largely imported into this country, is sold 
at the mines by the Governments that hold the property at 
eighteen cents per one hundred pounds. A German, famil- 
iar with the management, says in the Country Gentleman, 
that ^manipulators and speculators are trying to induce the 
Governments to sell this mineral still cheaper for their 
benefit/ We do not blame anyone for trying to make a for- 
tune out of any fertilizer in Europe or America, yet, look- 
ing to the interests of farmers and planters, it is easy to see 
that this potash salt, so desirable on our light, sandy and 
gravelly soils, should come to our fields with as little com- 
missions, freights, and handling by manipulators, as possi- 
^1^^ * * * * rpj^g farmers of Georgia and South Caro- 
lina should send a competent man to the Government officers 
who control these saline deposits, buy their kaiuit in first 
hands, at the mines, and ship it to Savannah and Charles- 
ton as cheaply as possible." 

We see from the above extract that if the Patrons of Hus- 
bandry continue to flourish, as we believe they will, and 
carry out the objects of their organization to the fullest ex- 
tent, it will not be long before the cultivators of these sandy 
soilrt will be able tv) obtain this prime article of fertilization 
at figures reasonable and every whit compeusatory. 



LIMP]. 



The next ingredient of a complete manure whicli we shall 
discuss, is lime. This, like ]»otash, is an article of such 
common use, that it would seem hardly necessary to describe 
it, yet how little are its beneficial effects and its proper 
applicati(m in agriculture, understood. The driving of 
carbon out of liraestone by the action of fire, produces quick 
lime. This will slake, either by the application of water 
direct, or by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere when 
exposed for any length of time. In air slaking, lime pos- 
sesses the property ofre-absorbiug carbon from the atmosphere, 
and thus, when spread upon laud before slaking is re-conver- 
ted into insoluable limestone to a considerable extent. When 
used for a^jricultural purposes therefore, it should always be 
slaked in bulk, and better still, with sod thrown over it be- 
fore spreading. It should also be spread upon the surfaca 
after turning the land, and before harrowing. The reasons 
for this are, that lime always has its best action in connec- 
tion with the atmosphere. It possesses no volatile properties 
which escape by being in contact with the atmosphere. Its 



16 

(pendency is always to percolate downwards , and if turned 
under remains too deep beneath the surface to benefit the 
growing plants. Lime, if applied in large quantity, will 
improve the texture of soils by rendering clay soils more 
friable and more permeable to the roots of plants, and gives 
more tenacity to soils too open and porous, thus rendering 
them more retentive of moisture. Lime corrects the acidity 
of soils, and is a most wonderful decomposer of organic mat- 
ter. Too little attention has been paid to lime as a ma- 
nurial ingredient. As a specific, it may be applied with 
profit to the pea and clover. Quick lime should never be 
mixed with any ingredient containing ammonia, as it posses- 
ses the quality of dissipating it. 

Having now suggested all the important thoughts, which 
at this time, occur to us in regard to the four ingredients of 
a complete manure, we will proceed to give a few tables or 
formulas for the compounding of manures from the raw com- 
mercial material, and will then add a few miscellaneous sug- 
gestions, together with a comparative analysis of some of the 
most popular fertilizers of the day, when our work will be 
finished for this occasion. 

It occurs to us here, however, to remark that planters are 
much perplexed on account of the varying opinions of writers 
on agriculture and of the practical farmers themselves, to 
determine the proper depth at which to apply manures. 
Manures abounding in any of the three elements, potash, 
lime, or phosphoric acid, should always be placed near the 
surface, for the reason they are soluable and because of the 
percolating tendency of water, holding them in solution, 
they are carried downwards below the roots of plants. It is 
true, the earth acts as a filterer and purifier of water, but it 
is only after it has passed to considerable depth beneath the 
earth's surface, and not even then, that it becomes entirely 
pure. As, witness, in the midst of densely crowded cities 
how soon the water in wells and springs become foul and 
unwholesome. This is mainly attributable to the fact that 
the water, as it permeates the earth, carries with it from the 
surface the putrid and saline matters. On the other hand, 
manures abounding in actual ammonia, as Peruvian Guano, 
and valuable mainly on account of the presence of that in- 
gredient, should be placed at a good depth beneath the sur- 
face ; because this gas has a tendency to diffuse itself in the 
surrounding atmosphere, and tends always, to approach the 
surface. These hints will serve to guide the planter in the 
proper application of manures. 

We learn *from Dr. Buckner's work on '* American Ma- 



17 

nures," that by taking 1,207 lbs. of ground mineral phos- 
phate of the Carolina productions, and moistening with 
289 lbs. of water, and then applying to the mass 553 lbs. of 
sulphuric acid, that a ton of super phosphate, of the very 
best quality, may be produced. The cost of such a super- 
phosphate, including the labor of mixing, would be about- 
twenty-seven dollars per ton. Super-phosphates, of much 
inferior quality to this, are usually sold to planters at fifty 
dollai's per ton. To the above may be added two hundred 
pounds of Peruvian Guano, mixed with fifty pounds of gyp- 
sum, or instead, two hundred pounds of the crude sulphate 
of ammonia, with two hundred pounds of the kainit salts ; 
and you have manure which will produce good results upon 
any crop. 

The following receipes have been used with satisfactory 
results by some on cotton : 

Sulphate Ammonia 60 pounds. 

Nitrate Soda 40 *' 

Land Plaster 300 '' 

Bone Dust 200 '' 

Salt 1 bushel. 

Ashes 1 '' 

Good earth in sufficient quantity to make a ton. 
The above ingredients cost about twenty dollars per ton. 

Eecipe for making the Chattahoochee Fertilizer. 

Sulphate Ammonia 60 pounds. 

Muriate Potash 20 '' 

Nitrate Soda 40 '' 

Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 200 *^ 

Land Plaster 300 

Salt 50 






cc 



670 

Keduce the above to coarse powder and mix 1,330 lbs. dry 
muck or virgin soil, then pass all through a sieve and put 
up in barrels, &c., tight, ready for use. 



COMPOST. 

Landreth in his Rural Almanac, for 1874, says that com- 
post is incomparably the best of all manures for vegetables. 

He might have added for field crops also. The only ad- 
vantage highly concentrated, mineral and acid fertilizers, 
have over the compost, is in the facility of application. 
When Southern farmers, however, begin to appreciate the 



18 

necessity of contracting the area of cultivated crops, they 
will learn to attach more importance to compost manure. 
Below we give a receipe and some directions for the construc- 
tion and management of a compost heap. 

Take four two-horse loads, or 4,000 Ihs. barn yard, or 
stable manure, and the same quantity of dried swamp muck, 
or rich earth out of the jams offences, &c., or woods mold, 
and to these add twenty-five bushels, or ToO lbs. cotton seed, 
mix well together. Then mix together well 200 lbs. ground 
bones and 200 lbs. gypsum, or land plaster, and add to the 
heap— ^shoveling all together and cover with a temporary 
shelter. If there is sufficient moisture in any of the ingre- 
dients to produce fermentation (and there usually is in sta- 
ble manure,) it is not desirable to add any water. Permit 
this heap to lie several months at least before using — tlie 
longer the better as it improves by age. If, alter tlie pile has 
fermented and cooled off, it is shoveled over, it will improve 
it. If while tearing down for tliis purpose, or for use, the 
free ammonia be foujid .by the smell to be escaping, more 
gypsum should be added.. Let all who deein it too much 
trouble or too slow a process, to make com])ost heaps after 
this style, consider whether or not .it is more troublesome 
and vexatious to do this, than it is to give mortgages on cot- 
ton not yet planted for bogus Guanos. A comj)08t, after 
above manner cost as follows : 

Lot Manure 4,000 pounds $4 00 

Dried Muck 4,000 '' 4 00 

Cotton Seed 750 '' 5 00 

Ground Bones 200 "■ 3 00 

Land Flaster... 200 "■ 2 00 



Total 9,150 '' Cost $18 00 

Thus four and a half tons of a valuable manure is ob- 
tained at a cost of $4 00 per ton. 

The above manure, if tried in the laboratory of the Chem- 
ist, will be found to contain as much ammonia and soluable 
phosphoric acid, and lime, per ton, as many Guanos for 
which planters pay yearly from $40 to $fiO per ton, and of 
necessity will produce as goi*d results in the field. 

The making of compost heaps should be a weekly and 
almost daily employment of the farmer. Little by little,' 
the huge piles should be made to grow. Into these should 
be mixed not only the stable, hog and cow manure, but the 
night soil, the dropping of the henery, ashes, leaves, straw, 
soapsuds, brine and old mortar, and to every load twenty 
pounds of gypsum. 



19 

Nothing connected with the farm — not even the care of 
the plow-stock — deserves more constant attention than the 
making of manure heaps. 

The amount of manure on hand at planting time, should 
be regarded as the farmer's capital stock upon which to base 
his' year's operations. The inquiry of merchants in the 
Spring, when planters are seeking credit, should not be how 
many acres will you have in cotton, but how much home- 
made manure will you have to use on your crops? The 
answer to the latter question will serve as a more correct in- 
dex to the certain payment of the planter's dues — if that 
payment depends upon crop results — than any other that 
could be asked. 

Dr. Buckner shows, by his analysis of American manures, 
that the Watson & Clark Superphosphate, which sells at 
$45 per ton, is intrinsically worth to the planter $16 87 per 
ton. The planter pays two and a half times what it is 
worth. 

Also, that Rhodes' Superphosphate, which sells at $50 per 
ton, is worth to the planter $8 80; or in other words, $50 
is four and three-fifth times what it is worth. 

Also, that Berger & Butz's Excelsior Superphosphate of 
Lime, which sells at $50 per ton, is worth $17 35. 

And that the Magnum Bonum Soluble Phosphate, which 
sells at $52 per ton, is worth $17 69. 

And that Whan's Raw Bone Superphosphate, which sells 
at $52 per ton, is worth $13 99. 

Also, that the Soluble Pacific Guano, which sells at $50 
per ton, is worth $19 98. 

Also, that Baugh & Son's Raw Bone Superphosphate, 
which is sold at $50 per ton, is worth $13 73. 

And that E. Frank Coe's Superphosphate of Lime, which is 
sold at $52 per ton, is worth $23 52. 

And that Moro Phillips' Superphosphate of Lime, sold at 
$50 per ton, is worth $15 39. 

Also, that the Excellenza Ammoniated Soluble Phos- 
phate, sold at $56, is worth $34 93. 

And that Bowers' Complete Manure, sold at $52 per ton 
is worth only $9 62. 

Also, the Patapsco Guano, sold at $55 per ton is worth 
$31 25. 

And that Needles' Improved Superphosphate of Lime, 
sold at $47 per ton, is worth $2 96. 

Also, the Bromophyte Fertilizer, sold at $40 per ton, is 
worth the nominal sum vof $3 84. 

It will be seen from the above, that the remarks made in 
2 



30 

the opening of this address in regard to the impositions prac- 
ticed upon planters by manipulators, were well founded. 
The first edition of the book from which these facts were 
gleaned has been exhausted, and the second edition is now 
being sohl, and yet, so far as the writer of these pages has 
any knowledge, tlie proprietors nor the agents of these com- 
pounds have not even attempted to controvert tlie state- 
ments. They have acted upon the principle that the least 
said is the easiest mended. 

The author of this address finding that on account of the 
advertising influence of guano dealers and agents that a 
pamphlet form was the only channel through which he 
could arrest public attention, determined hence upon its pub- 
lication. And he believes that planters especially, and tlie 
jmblic generally, will not be wholly unappreciative of his 
efi'orts for the public good. If, as is said, "it is sweet to die 
for one's country," it is certainly pleasant to live and labor 
in the quiet walks of peace for the advancement of true sci- 
ence and the material prosperity of one's own neighbors and 
countrymen. 



VEGETABLE MOLD. 

In the further discussion of this subject it is proper to re- 
mark that decaying vegetation on and beneath the nurface 
performs an important, and almost indispensable part, in 
the growth of plants. In its decay it exerts a dissolving in- 
fluence upon the surrounding mineral constituents of the 
soil, and in the form of mold, absorbs and retains the valua- 
ble gases — giving them out to plants as needed. It serves, 
also, to retain moisture and is an excellent antidote against 
seasons of severe drouths. It serves to create warmth in the 
soil, and thus produces a more generous growth of plants in 
the early spring, and checkmates the chilling and unfriendly 
influence of cold nights and early frosts upon tender vegeta- 
tion. It is indeed the great conservator, regulator, and mod- 
ifier of the mineral elements in the soil, and over the sudden 
changes of the atmosphere and overfloods and drouths. In- 
deed, it is not safe or advisable to use a highly concentrated 
and high-priced manure upon a soil (especially if sandy) 
which has been quite or nearly exhausted of its vegetable 
matter. With such a manure, on such a soil, some one of 
the disasters to which crops are liable during a long season 
and slow maturity, as we have in the South, are almost sure 
to befall the crops. This, in part, explains why, for the 
last several years, the old lands of Middle and South Geor- 






il 



gia and Alabama seems to be fated to ill luck from some one 
of the many disasters to which this section is incident. And 
this is why the same field, under the stimulating influence 
of a mineral manure, produces good crops one year, when 
the seasons are all favorable, and the next year treated in 
the same way and with the same manure, but with unfavor- 
able seasons, produces scarcely enough to pay for the prepa- 
ration of the land. 

Now, if land by a long system of clean culture has been 
exhausted of vegetable matter, the first step to be taken in 
Its recuperation is to work this vegetation back into it. This 
may be done in many ways. We will make only one or two 
suggestions on this point, leaving the planter to his own ex- 
perience and the suggestions of his own mind in this simple 
process. In the first place, the growth of small grain, with 
the straw and chaff returned to the land, followed by a crop 
^^ peas plowed' in, is in most cases the readiest method 
When practicable, leaves and woods mold may be carted 
upon the land. If the land is to be cultivated before resup- 
plying the vegetable matter, it should be manured with well 
rotted compost, composed largely of litter and swamp muck 
rather than with concentrated fertilizers. If, as is to be be- 
lieved, merchants and factors fail in 1874 to furnish planters 
with means to run their farms on the old schedule, they will 
be compelled to sow a good portion of their lands in grain 
or abandon them to a crop of weeds. This panic wind will 
then blow some good to the cotton belt. Providence some- 
times compels people to do what they ought to do without 
being compelled. 

It is a waste of time and money to put manure of any sort 
upon land subject to water sob. The way to treat such land 
IS, first, to drain it if practicable, and then treat it with 
lime If not practicable to drain it at reasonable cost, it 
had better be converted into permanent meadow. 
^ Our farmers have allowed their great haste to become 
rich, to lead them into many serious and grievous errors 
I he principle upon which farming in the South has been 
conducted since the close of the war, especially in the negro 
belt, is radically wrong. In the general scarcity of money 
and despondency, which prevails among the farmers of the 
bouth, they are but reaping the legitimate fruits of their 
tolly. We have sown to the winds, and we are fast reaping 
the whirlwind. Instead of setting out, in the beginnincr to 
increase our capital, by permanently enriching our la^'nds, 
and keeping that object constantly in view, so as to give us 
the greatest possible margin between the cost of production 



23 

and the sale of the products, we have given them, from year 
to year, exhaustively clean culture, only dosing them occa- 
sionally with a little stimulating compound (not a little but 
a great deal) at an exorbitantly high price. We have cul- 
tivated all our lands, both good, bad and indifferent, on 
borrowed capital, at a high rate per cent., thus making our- 
selves the slaves of the merchants and capitalists. We have 
exhausted our lands, so that they are no longer capable of 
producing remunerative crops. Our young men, seeing the 
situation, are hurrying oif to the West. We have created 
an unnatural demand for labor, and have thus caused the 
laborers to demand exorbitant wages. 

The remedy for all these evils is not in a change of legis- 
lation, not in making war upon legitimate trade, not in 
quarreling with all the balance of mankind, but let each 
planter for /wmseZ/* go to work to bring his land up to its 
tnaximum grade of production. Let him make haste slowly. 
He cannot do this all at once. Let him recognize the fact 
that farmers do not loom up into fortune and competency at 
a sudden bound. Let him consider that farmers do not 
grow rich so much by the net proceeds of the iarm as by tlie 
gradual enhancement of the value of his lands. Let him 
determine that however great the temptation to do other- 
wise, he will cultivate only such portions of his land as will 
surely remunerate him fur the labor ; the balance he will 
turn out to pasture or to rest, that nature may bring her 
forces to bear to assist him in its recuperation. The planter 
cannot improve all his lands at one time ; he must take 
small portions, and expend all his energies upon that. He 
must study the laws of nature, and learn to direct his efforts 
intelligently to this end. Life is too short to expend in 
misdirected efforts, however laudable and legitimate the end 
sought to be accomplished. We cannot afibrd to expend 
time and money experimenting upon matters which science 
and experience have already determined. Let us, therefore, 
study the indications of science and acquaint ourselves with 
its teachings. If we have not the cash means to conduct our 
operations, let us, nevertheless, run as near upon our own 
bottom as it is possible for us to do. 

Let us keep this cardinal principle ever in view, that what- 
ever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. No planter 
should be satisfied with mediocrity in his calling. Ambi- 
tion, when well directed in an honorable pursuit, is a divine 
principle. 

*'The following amounts of different crops have been, year 
after year, raised from an acre of ordinary land, by the 



23 

proper application of manures : Wheat, 25 bushels ; rye, 30 
bushels ; corn, 50 bushels ; oats, 50 bushels ; barley, 30 
bushels , two tons of hay. What has been done can be done 
again. A determination to do and the a})plication of the 
proper means are all that is required. Only when such 
crops are raised can farming be said to be a successful and 
remunerative business. How common is the complaint 
.among our farmers, that after allowing ordinary wages for 
their own labor, and paying expenses, they do not realize 
legal interest on the money invested in their land and im- 
provements. This need not, and should not be the case. 
In many parts of England, more is paid yearly as rent than 
would purchase land equally as good in this country ; yet 
these renters not only live well but frequently become 
wealthy." 

The above extract is from Dr. Buckner's work on Amer- 
ican Manures." Our readers will not take offense at our 
quoting from and referring to so often such an excellent 
author. Indeed, as we have remarked before, they would 
all dp well to purchase such works, and read and study them 
much ottener than many of them do their Bibles. Leave 
the business of creation to take care of itself, and cease to 
spend your time, in hearing and telling news, and reading 
sensational newspapers. We do not grow wise or learned 
by such employment. Our time is too valuable to spend in 
such a way. One such book as the one referred to above, 
thoroughly read and diligently studied, will add more to a 
farmer's stock of informa'tion about his own business — make 
him every way more intelligent than all the newspaper read- 
ing of a lifetime. What need we concern ourselves about 
the particulars of the Fisk homicide, or any other like cir- 
cumstance happening among the high-strung dandies of the 
day. Yet it is not uncommon to see a knot of farmers, with 
mouths open, in a listening attitude, while some one reads 
the minutest particulars of a commonplace incident, which 
some newspaper reporter has been paid to work up into a 
sensational style on purpose to catch the attention of such 
feather-heads. Such practices beget inattention to business, 
and eventually almost destroys one's powers and taste for 
investigating properly any subject. It is next to impossible 
to get an audience of planters together to listen to the dis- 
cussion of any matter pertaining to farm improvement. Oh ! 
they say such discussions are dry ! Well, is it any wonder 
they are dry, to minds which for years have been fed upon 
nothing but sensational spices and condiments, such as many 
of the newspapers of tlie day are want to furnish. Farmers, 



24 

let us be wise, and as we, when we thresh our grain, sepa- 
rate it from the chaif and use only the wheat for the nour- 
ishment of our bodies— no more think of filling our minds 
w^ith chaff than we would our stomachs. 



RENTING. 

The one-year renting system, as now practiced in the 
8outh, is a bad one — bad for the country, bad for the owner 
of the land, and bad for the renter. It effectually puts a 
check upon all efforts at improvement. Wherein is the 
owner benefitted, if he secures two hundred dollars in cur- 
rency and sustains that much damage to his land ? He is 
simply converting the fatness of his land into money ; tak- 
ing from his principal and adding to his interest pile ; tak- 
ing from his right and putting into his left pocket. This 
process adds no wealth to the country. It encourages the 
renter to shiftless habits, which will eventuate in his life- 
long poverty. 

The better plan, by far, is to lease the land for a term of 
^ve, or better still, ten years, and obligate the lessee to re- 
turn the land in, at least as good condition, as at first. 
Then all the rent charges will be that much good interest to 
the owner, without damage to his capital. The placing of 
a written obligation upon the renter to improve the land 
will serve as an additional stimulus to the fact, that himself 
will reap the benefit of such improvement. Whenever the 
one-year rent plan is entered into, the owner of the land 
should always secure the cotton seed and the manure pro- 
duced on the place, to be returned to the land. 

As germain to this suggestion, we will give below some 
tables showing the amounts of fertile elements taken off 
the land by various crops. Twenty-five bushels of wheat^ 
with the straw^ takes from the land : 

Ammonia 51.89 pounds. 

Phosphoric Acid 26.10 '' 

Potash 35.70 '' 

Lime 13.35 '' 

These ingredients are worth, at least, one-fourth the value 
of the wheat. If, therefore_, the farmer rents for one-fourth 
the wheat, he pays for what he gets its full value, and gets 
no interest' on his investment. 



a 



a 



25 

Fifty bushels of corn takes from the land, with the stalk 
and the cob : 

Ammonia 40. 22 pounds. 

Phosphoric Acid 39.31 

Potash n.78 

Lime '• IS. 57 

Fifty bushels of oats, with the straw, takes from the land : 

Ammonia... 45. 25 pounds. 

Phosphoric Acid 14.39 

Potash ^^^'^'^ 

Lime ^ .^i 

Fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton takes from the land : 

Phosphoric Acid 34.6 pounds. 

Potash 87.6 " 

Lime 40-6 ^^ ^ 

Together with a large percentage of ammonia contained in 
the seed. The remarks applied to wheat in this connection, 
are applicable to corn, oats and cotton. 

We see from this the absolute necessity of returning to the 
land each year as much of these elements as are taken from 
it, if we keep it up to its original grade of fertility. It we 
do this out of our own purse and yet receive only one-fourth 
of the proceeds of crops raised on the land, we will soon find 
there is not much money in the operation. It may be m 
point here to remark, that land is not exhausted oi any one 
element of fertility so rapidly by varying the kinds of crops 
from year to year as when cultivated in the same crop for a 
series of years together. 

I now cast this little waif upon the great sea ot literature 
and await with some degree of interest its reception by the 
farmers of the South. If this slight effort of the author 
should meet with encouragement, he may be mdnced to ex- 
tend his efforts to add to our agricultural literature. I now 
dedicate this little address, which has cost the author not 
many hours of labor in its writing, to the hard-fisted farm- 
ers of that land which produces the fleecy staple.^ It is with 
them, and their interest, he is identified, and it is for their 
prosperity he is willing to labor to the end. 

The author of this address, while presenting its objects to 
the merchants and business men of Columbus with a view to 
offer such as desired an opportunity to put m advertising 
cards, was occasionally greeted with such remarks as these|: 
^'Do you think the farmers can be taught anything? Why, 
they are the greatest set of boobys and asses in the world ; 
they don't want to know anything else but where they can 



26 

buy guano and bacon and corn on a credit." One said, 
^'Why, the guano dealers would pay you more not to pub- 
lish your pamphlet than you can ever hope to realize out of 
it otherwise. The farmers haven't enterprise, intelligence 
and forecast enough to appreciate it." From the manner 
of others I was led to inter that the dread of the adverse in- 
fluence of dealers and their agents prompted their action 
more than the entire planting community. I was led to con- 
clude verily the manipulatorvS, dealers and their myriads of 
agents are a power in the land when they can close the 
mouths of business men, control transportation, monopolize 
the mineral beds, manipulate State officials, throttle the 
press, and occupy chairs in our agricultural colleges. I be- 
came more fully impressed with the importance of the work 
and determined to press it to an early publication. I make 
these remarks merely to enlighten farmers as to the estima- 
tion in which their conduct, by the all-cotton system, has 
caused them to be held by the balance of the community. 
Having lost their money by a speculative system of farming 
they have lost in influence and public esteem. The only 
way to regain that influence and esteem, for planters, and the 
planting profession, which is their rightful due, (for are they 
not lords of the soil ?) is to determine to ask as few favors as 
possible — mind our own business — keep out of the hands of 
the sharpers — stand by and encourage one another, and 
above all_, leave speculation to the speculators. Our busi- 
ness is to make food and raiment. The business of our wives 
and our daughters is to become educated in household duty 
and domestic economy — not to be making milliners' show- 
cases of themselves, but to make home happy, and a place 
to be longed for by their cheerful and angel presence and 
personal supervision. 

It affords me pleasure to call attention to the business 
cards to be found in this address. To advertise in tMs 
style in the present stringency, bespeaks for them a liberality 
in business which planters will do well to note. It shows 
that though panics may prevail, and war alarms may float 
upon the breeze, they at least, are determined not to furl 
their sails — determined not to be outstripped in their claims 
upon public patronage in any respect. 



PROTECTION. 

That the laws of Georgia are inadequate to protect the 
farmer frt>m base imposition by Guano manipulators, is ap- 
parent from the fact that we have had Guano inspectors, in 



27 

high pay, and yet it has been to the people as though no 
each officers existed. If the laws are not inefficient, then 
those who have had their execution in charge, have been 
recreant to a high trust, and should be held to an accounta- 
bility. 

1 learn that numerous suits for Guano purchased, have 
been tried by the 8uperior Court, now in session in Musco- 
gee county, and have invariably resulted in favor of the 
plaintiff. For this, the farmer may blame himself. Our 
laws will protect the purchaser of an article, whenever it can 
be shown to the satisfaction of the court and jury, that there 
has been a failure of consideration upon the part of the ven- 
dor. But how do farmers undertake to show this? They 
go into Court and show that the dealer guaranteed nothing, 
but that, by the testimony of their neighbors and employees, 
their crop results were not satisfactory. This leaves the 
matter in such uncertainty, that the Court charges the jury 
to find for the plaintiff, and the jury so finds. The farmer 
goes away feeling that the decision of all human tribunals 
are uncertain — that he has been most wofully swindled — 
blaming everybody and everything but himself, when he, 
most of all others, is to blame for the unfavorable results. 

Now, if farmers would take the precaution, when they pur- 
chase a Guano compound, to require of the dealer a guaran- 
teed analysis, the result would be quite different. If a 
dealer will not furnish an analysis of his article, it is prima 
facie evidence of an attempt to defraud. IShun him as you 
would the pick-pocket. If he will not guarantee his article 
to be as good as the analysis indicates, it is as though a man 
would sell you a horse and refuse to guarantee his soundness. 
Now business is business, and law is law, and when farmers 
take things on trust, and trust to chance for things to come 
out right, and when it comes out wrong, then call on the 
law for protection, they may look to be worsted. 

But, says the farmer, the article may be as good as the 
analysis indicates ; and yet my knowledge of chemistry is po 
meager, I could not tell whether I was paying too much for 
the article or not. 

Just so, but I opine that hardly any chemist in Georgia, 
if presented with the published analysis and asked his 
opinion of the intrinsic value of the article accordingly, but 
would give it freely and candidly, especially if informed that 
if an analysis became needful, his services for that purpose 
would be engaged. Druggists would soon, if not already so, 
post themselves upon the market value of ingredients, if 
asked by farmers to do so. So that no man need be helpless 



28 

in this, except him who is wilfully so. Now then, what 
about the guarantee ? As already remarked, trie Courts will 
protect the purchaser, if failure of c msideration is clearly 
shown. Then if crop results are not satisfactory, and the 
farmer deems himself to have been imposed upon, if he has 
the guaranteed analysis, and has preserved a sample of the 
Guano, lei him join in with a few of his neighbors, similarly 
sit lated, and pay fi\re dollars each to a competent chemist, 
to have the sample analyzed. Then when he goes to Court 
he will not need to go on uncertainty— 'he will not need to 
drag his neighbors and employees to town to spend weeks in 
idleness, waiting for the day of trial. Turn the matter over 
into the hands of your attorneys, and go about your business, 
never fearing the result. Indeed, under tlie status of the 
case, the dealer, rather than suflPer exposure, and run the 
risk of a counter-suit for heavy damages, would rather play 
quits, and would never dream of instituting a suit. Your 
case would be gained without the test of law. Now it is 
easier to do things right than it is to do them wrong. First 
avail yourselves of the rights you have under the law, an<J 
then for what is lacking, amend your law. You are the law- 
making power ; for are you not "*' lords of the soil ?" Talk 
about the want of protection to a people who rule themselves ; 
nonsense. Are you not men, and are you not freemen? 
Protect yourselves, and if in this you fail, then like the frogs 
in the fable, ask for a ruler wise enough to rule and protect 
you. 



THE GAIN. 

If, through the reading of this pamphlet, the farmer is 
enabled to obtain for twenty dollars, what would otherwise 
have cost him |60, then by an expenditure of twenty-five 
cents he has saved $40. Investments of this kind will soon 
bring farmers out of financial despondency, and wreath their 
countenances with complacency. If the author could but 
secure to himself one-tenth part of what he believes would 
be saved to the general community by the reading and prac- 
ticing of the knowledge herein setforth, he might say to 
himself, as said the man in Scripture, ''now soul take thine 
ease, for thou hast much goods in store for many years." 
But, whether the enterprize serves to put pennies into his 
pocket or not, he has already experienced much pleasure in 
its preparation, and will rest in the consolation of having 
jmt forth ^n honest effort to benefit his kind. 

If he has been harsh in his strictures upon certain classes, 



29 : (f 

it i8 because the occasion required plain talk. Now let hira 
who dissents from the facts and opinions herein stated, hesi- 
tate not to handle them as roughly as he may, for it is by 
discussion that truth is n)a.<le to ap]>ear. The author's pride 
of opinion is not so strong, but that he is desirous that truth 
should prevail, even at the sacrifice of his own theories and 
interest. »So then, gentlemen, you that are of a contrary 
belief, draw your quills. 

Now, kind reader, when you have finished perusing this 
pamphlet, if you have found merit in it — if it has afforded 
you instruction and entertainment, do not lend it around to 
your neighbors, but lay it on your shelf for future and con- 
tinual reference, and for the instruction and entertainment 
ot your farmer boys. Twenty-five cents is a very small 
pittance, and the autlior needs it. Tell your neighbors 
about it, tell them to do as you have done, go and buy a 
copy ; and I will be ever yours truiy. 



A. 

Wholesale M Retail Druggist, 





' <^ei v!k/" s^yjtti 



Having had some experience in buying 

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, 

I offer my services to the Planters for any thing in that 

line. 





Conveniently located, near Dis- 
brow's Livery Stable, and East of 
Swift, Murphy & Co's Warehouse. 

Good stalls and shelter for stock, and comfortable 
quarters for men. 

Will pay the highest prices for Dry Hides, Rags, Beeswax, 
Dried Fruit, &c,, at the Yard, 

DANIEL R. BIZE, Prop'r. 
COLUMBUS, Ga. 

BEDELOWARE 

^ Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

Boots and. Slioes 

of all kinds; also 

Leather and Shoe Findings. 

148 Broad Street, Columbus, Ga. 

We make a specialty of the Common Sense Shoe for Farmers, 
and of the old reliable , Virginia Stitch Down. All of our stock 
was made for our own trade, and we guarantee all goods to give 
satisfaction. No welted goods sold. 

Mr. L.. J. HARYEY is with us and would be pleased to see his 
friends and customers. 




W. F. TIGNEE, 

DENTI 

OVER CHAPMAN'S DRUG STORE, 

Randolph, between Broad and Oglethorpe Streets. 
COLUMBUS, G^. 

Special attention given to the insertion of artificial teeth, 
as well as to operative Dentistry. 

J. H. HAMILTON, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

Bagging, Ties, Bacon, Sugars, Salt, 
Coffee, &c., &c.. 

Always ou hand a full stock of 

Plantation and Family Groceries. 

Juuction Franklin, Warren and Oglethorpe Streets. 

COLUMBUS, Ga. 
No charge for Drayage. 






PHOTOGRAPHER 




WiJ 



f 



«iU At Van Riper's old stand. 

Will execute iu a manner to suit his customers, all kinds of Sun 
Pictures, emhracing the Photogragh from Carte de Yisite to Life 
Size, which includes the 

PORCELAIN, MEZZOTINTE, REMBRANDT, MEDAL- 
LION, VICTORIA, and CABINET CARDS; 

Each of which is a beautiful and distinct style of Picture, in the highest de- 
gree the art has ever attained. Also the cheap, durable and agreeable ME- 
LAINOTYPE, including Ferrotypes, Anabrotypes, Gems and Bon Ton Cards. 

All of which will be guranteed to suit purckasers, at rates as low as any. 






96 Broad St., Columbus, Ga. 

Dealer in 

Hardware, Cutlery, Iron, Steel, Agricultural 

Implements, Paints, Oils, Glass, Chemical 
Paint, Castings, Fairbanks' Scales, Hoe's 

Saws, Rubber Belting, Wagon Material 86C 




. H. R 



&G0. 



Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 








V 



HARDWARE, 

Wood, Willow & Glass Ware, Crockery &c. 

MANUPACTUREIW OF " 

Tin, Sheet Iron and Copper Ware. 

109 Broad Street, Columbus, Ga. 

Sole Agents for Filley's celebrated Charter Oak Stoves, 







DEALER IN 




r\ 





DRUGS AND MEDICINES, 

Perfumery, Paints, Oils, Patent Medicines, Glass, 

Pure Wines and Liquors, Dye Stuffs, &c. 

Also sole proprietor and manufacturer of 

BROOKS' CELEBRATED CHILL & FEVER PILLS, 

and Brooks' Buchu, or '^Epping's Buchu Improved." 
107 JBroad Street, Coluinbus, Gra. 




^^ Wheeler k Wilson 

Highest Premium 



JLock Stitch 

Sewing Machine, 

The simplest, cheapest, and best 
Sewing Machine in the world. 

Over 900,000 now in use. 

They are sold fully warranted and 
by a responsible Company of known 
reputation, and entire satisfaction 
guranteed. 

SALESROOM 84 BROAD ST. 

CoiiinvtBus, Ga. 



W. B. ORR, Agt. 



9 



I 



9 



IFFW 



I 



106 Broad Street, Columb-as, Gra. 

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 



DRUGS 



DICINE 



ENGLISH CHEMICALS. 

FRENCH FERFUMERY, 

And all Articles usually kept on hand by Druggists. 

Physicians' Prescriptions Carefully Compounded. 



FASHIONABLEJILLINERY. 

Mrs. L. X. lee:, 

75 Broad St., Coliimb-Qs, Gra. 

KEEPS CONSTANTLY ON HAND THE 

Latest Novelties of the Season. 



AND 



Clitldreii's Ready-made Clotliiiig*. 

Orders respectfully solicited. 



H. AM. Pure Soluble Fertilizer A 

We are now receiving orders for this Pure Fertilizer for 
next season delivery, so as to be able to meet the demand. 

Col. F. J. MoTT, R. C. Patterson, Luther W. Walker, 
J. S. Clark, J. Kimbrough, L. M. Biggers, Geo. H. Thomp- 
son, and other prominent Planters using it, will kindly an- 
swer all inquiries as to its merits. 

This Fertilizer, from its analysis, will yield at least eight 
per cent, more lint than the best manipulated Guano. 

Price for Phosphates and Chemicals sufficient to make one 
ton, $25 cash. 

ISAAC I. M08ES CO. 
At old stand ot Hall, Moses & Co. 
Or at Columbus Iron Works. 
Capt. W. JOHNSON, 
At Office Central Line Boats, Agent. 
Columbus, Ga., Aug. 1, 18T3. 



DIRECTIONS FOR USK. 

Take articles furnished (Bag of Chemicals «-xc«'pteLl.) fiOO lbs. Phosphates and 
Alkalies. Add 1,U0U lbs. stable scrapings or alluvial soils, and 300 lbs. Cotton 
Seed. The 100 lbs, Chemicals dissolved in 30 gallons of warm water. 

Make alternate layers of above articles, and sprinkle each layer with the so- 
lution. Pull up in close pile and let stand two weeks; then cut it through from 
top to bottom, with hoe, until thoroughly mixed. It is then ready for use. 

Quantity, 200 lbs to the acre, medium lands. 250 lbs. per acre on poor lands. 
This will give you the finest Fertilizer now offered in the market, at less money 
by half, and guaranteed. 



ISAAC I. MOSES CO. 

COLUMBUS, GEORGIA, 

Have now in Ktock: 

SULPHATE AMMONIA, 

NITRATE SODA, PHOSPHATES. 

LAND PLASTER, GERMAN SALTS. 

And will supply all Chemicals for Agricultural uses, of 
warranted qualities, and at a small advance on Importation 

Prices. 



DR. HOOD'S 

EUREKA LIVER MEDICINE. 

TEE BEST IN THE WORLD. 

After thirty years' experience in the practice of medicine, I have discover- 
ed the best specific for LIVER DISEASE ever ofFered to the public. I will 
guarantee it to give satisfaction in all diseases arising from a tohpiu or diseased 
Liver. This preparation is not a patent medicine^ put up to cure all diseases, 
but only those diseases which always attend a diseased, iaadive Liver — such as 
Headache, Loss of jippetite, Nausea, Biliousness, Heartburn, Vertigo, Costiveness^ 
ChiIiL and Fbvbb, &c., &c. 

The EUREKA is entirely t'cg-c/afc/c in its composition. No mercury in it 
to poison the system; and you will find it will do you 7nore good than Calomel 
or Blue Mass. It will not make you sick, or gripe you in the least. Ladies 
who are enciente need net apprehend any trouble by using it. Give it to your 
children when they have the Colic, or are sick from eating too much, and it 
will relieve them in a very few minutes. 

Below you will find a few of the meny certificates sent me by those that 
have experienced its wonderful curative properties. 

TRY IT AND BE CONVL\CED. For Sale by 

£. C. HOOD & BRO., 

COLXJMBUS, GA., 

AND DRUGGISTS AND MERCHANTS GENERALLY. 

TESTIMONIALS. 

• Columbus, Ga., March 7th, 1871. 

Dr. E. C. Hood — Dear Sir:— I have used your "Eureka Medicine" in my own 
case, and prescribed it for many others, in every instance reported, with satisfacto- 
ry results. In disorder of the Stomach and Liver, I consider it a safe, reliable and 
efficient remedy. Very respectfully yours, &c., J. W. Pitts, M. D. 

Lumpkin, Ga., June 10th, 1872. 
Dr. Hood: — Up to two months ago' I was greatly troubled about every month 
with bilious attacks, and found nothing that acted like the Eureka, although I had 
taken Simmons' Regulator, Vinegar Bitters, and others. I now have no trouble 
with biliousness, and unhesitatingly say that the Eureka is the best Liver Medicine 
in the world. J. R. Chbistian, Ed. Lumpkin Telegraph. 

From Rev. T. T. Christian, Presiding Elder Columbus District. 

Dr. Hood:— Having used your Eureka in my family, I cheerfully recommend 
it to all who may need a good liver tonic. It has given me great relief while sufier- 
iiig from dyspepsia, and from its use my digestion is wonderfully improved. 

Yours truly, Thos. T. Christian. 

Columbus, Ga., January 20th, 1872. 
Dr. E. C. Hood — Dear Sir : — It gives me pleasure to favorably recommend 
your Eureka preparation for disorders of the Liver, Stomach and Bowels. It is au 
agreeable preparation, and is readily borne by the most delicate stomachs. The 
public may be assured it is no patent medicine, as it is prepared by Dr. E. C. Hood, 
who is regular practitioner of medicine. 

Respectfully, Wm. W. Flewellen, M. D. 

Having tested the virtues of Dr. Hood's "Eureka Liver Medicine" in my prac- 
tice, I have no hesitancy in recommending its use in those afflictions arising from a 
disordered state of the digestive organs. T. F. Brewster, M. D. 

Columbus, Ga., Sept. 4, 1871. 

Upotoie, Ga. 
Dr. Hood:— I obtained a few bottles of "Eureka" from Mr. Clayton. 1 con- 
sider it the best medicine for children I ever used. Indeed it is a first-class family 
medicine, and I never intend to be without it in my family again. Send me one 
dozen bottles. Joun D. Odom. 





& 




WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



c 





CER 




No. 20 BROAD ST., COLUMBUS, GA. 

Special Inducements to Grangers. 

F. J. SPRINGER, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

GROCERIES & PROVISIONS 

OF ALL KINDS. 

WINES, LiaUORS, CIGARS, &c. 

SPRINGER OPERA HOUSE. 
Corner Oglethorpe & Crawford streets, Columbus, 6a. 



p. 




DEALER IN 



FANCY AND FAMILY 

GRO 

Country Produce Bought and Sold. 

Corner of Oglethorpe and St. Clair Streets, near the Marketi 








SPRING VILLA LIME, 

MANUFACTURED BY 

THE SPRING VILLA MANUFACT'G CO.. 

The attention of consumers is invited to a consideration 
of the merits of this new Lime, which, from the "Tests" 
made during the past Season, has proved itself Superior in 
"Strength" and "Purity" to any Limes in the country, both 
for M.MSonry and Agricultural purposes. 

The Top Rock of the Quarry, from which it is taken, 
burns a dark color, and for all purposes except whitewash- 
ing aud inside finish is best, analysis showing it to contain 
*88 per cent. Carbonate of Lime. The Lower Rock pro- 
ducers White Lime and is superior for Whitewashing and 
last coat of Plastering, making a smooth and beautiful fin- 
ish. It contains 62 per cent. Carbonate of Lime, possessing 
llyrlraulic Properties. 

The Dark Lime is almost equal to Cement and valuable 
for use in wet and damp places, and requiring from 50 to 
*75 per cent, more of sand than any ordinary White Lime. 
The attention of Planters is particularly invited to this Lime, 
as its great Strength makes it a most valuable Fertilizer 
and is as superior for Agricultural purposes as for Masonry. 

Orders addressed to the undersigned will secure prompt 
attention. Special Rates secured for Car Loads to all prin- 
cipal points in Georgia and Alabama. 

CLEMONS & JAMES, Gen. Agts., 

Columbus, Ga. 

*We give the analysis of our Lime; also, of the Chewacla Lime by Prof. 
Mallet, of the University of Virginia : 





Spring Villa Lime. 


Chewacla Lime. 


Carbonate of Lime 

Carbonate of Magnesia.. 

Sesqui Oxide of Iron and Alumina.. 

Insoluble (Silicious) Residue 

Organic Matter and Moisture 


Dark. 
88.15 

7,40 

1.21 

2.36 

37 


White. 
62.60 

32.91 

2.06 

1.86 

24 


53.09 
41.91 

17 
4.39 

18 








99.83 


99.67 


99.74 






102 BROAD STREET, 

Manulacturer of 



Saddles, Bridles, Harness, 

COLLARS, WHIPS, 

Antl all other goods in that line. 

My Goods are of my own make, am) made by hand — Warranted to give 
gnfire satii^fn.rtinn. My stock is lai;j;e and complete and lor sale al prices to 
guit the times for small profils. I would be glad lo give you an evidence ol that 
fact. My stock consists in part of 



SADDLES, &o. 

McClellan Saddles, 

Texas " 

Morgan " 

R. E. Lee 

Beauregard " 

Stonewall " 

Kent 

English " 

Shafton " 

Spanish " 

Mexican " 

Side 

Boys' 

Old Man's 

LEATHER. 
Harness Leather, 
Sole 

Upper " 

Calf Skins, 
Kip Skins, 
Sheep Skins, 
Enameled Leather, 
Dash 
Patent 

Wagon Lines, 
Buggy 
Carriage " 
Plow 

Bridle Reins, 
Shoe Thread, 
Saddlers " 
Saddlers Silk. 



HARNESS, itc. 
Buggy Harness, 
Carriage " 
Trotting " 
RocKaway " 
Double 
Express " 
Stage 

Wason *' 

Lead 

Team " 

Plow 
Cart 
Goat 

Wagon Breeching, 
Plantation Harness. 
OIL CLOTHS. 
Black Enameled Oil Cloth 
Fancy 
Imitation Mahogany " 

Marble 
Mole Skin Oil 
Rubber Buggy Aprons, 
" Army Blankets, 
Cloth, 
Horse Blankets, 
Lap Robes, 
Buggy Umbrellas, 
Feather Dusters, 
Horse Brushes, 
Main and Tail Brushes, 
Curry Combs, 
Fancy Dog Collar>^. 



BRIDLES. &c. 
Riding Bridles, 
Halter 
Plow 

Wagon " 
Buggy 
Carriage '• 
Round " 

TRUNKS. 
Saratoga Trunks, 
Ladies' 
Gentlemen's 
Zink 

Sole Leatiier 
Packing 
Valise?, 
Satchels, 
Carpet Bags, 
Girths, 

Plow Hames, 
Wagon " 
Buggy ' ' 
Back Bands, 

" Band Hooks, 
Plow Chains, 
Wagon " 
Halter " 
Breast " 
Plow Collars, 
Wagon " 
Buggy 

Carriage " 
Halters. 



SADDLERY AND HARNESS HARDWARE O. ALL KINDS ; 

CARRIAGE TRIMMINGS. SHOE FINDINGS, &c , 

Saddle, Harness and Shoe-Maker's Tools. I repair Saddles, Harness, Trunks 
&c., at low rates, and take orders for all kind of new work. I pledge myself to 
duplicate aflij Northern Bill. 

W. R. KENT. 








MANUFACTURED BY 



9 VlKSa \!^LfefelWI 
Successor to AV. G. Clemons, Brown & Co. 
COLUMBUS, GA. 



J 



This Gin has no superior for Speedy Light Draught, 
and Good Sample. 

Orders addressed to the undersigned will meet with 
prompt attention. 

W. G. CLEMONS, 

Office on Oglethorpe street. 
Next door to the Episcopal Church. 
December, 1873. 



CJOXjiTJ3Vr.:OTTS, C3r^., 

J. RHODES BROWNE, GEO. W. DILLINGHAM, 

President. Trea^'r. 

Receives Deposits in sums of One Dollar and upwards, 
allowing interest at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum, com- 
pounded Four Times a Year. 

By the terms of the Company's Charter, the entire Property of the Com- 
pany, and the private property ot the Stockholders, is pledged for the obliga- 
tions of the 

SA.viisras bajs:k. 

INCORPORATED 1859. 

'H1 





Oa.p>ltAl etnd .^^stsetss 3S00,000. 

J. RHODES BROWNE, Pres. S. S. MURDOCH, Sec'y. 

GEO. W. DILLLINGHAM' Treasurer. 
Offers indemnity against loss by fire on all classes of insur- 
able risks, at adequate rates. 

LOSSES PAID IN 14 YEARS $950,000. 



GEORGIA HOME BANK 



C30iL.xjiifl::oxjs. c;-^. 

J. RHODES BROWNE, Pres. GEO. W. DILLINGHAM, Cash'r. 

TRANSACTS A 

GBNEnai zmun stismEes, 

Receives Deposits. 
Buys and sells Exchange, Bonds, Stocks and Coin. 

Collections made on all accessible points, and immediate returns made, with- 
out charge beyond the eurrent rate of Exchange. 



The Patapsco Guano Go's 




In again calling the attention of our friends and patrons 
to the above Fertilizer, for which we have been the General 
Agents at Columbus during the past six years, we desire to 
say that the article offered by us the coming season will, if 
anything, be superior to what we have heretofore sold. Dr. 
Liebig, the manufacturing chemist of the Company, has 
labored each year to make such alterations or additions as 
practical tests in different sections of the country have sug- 
gested, and we feel safe in asserting that those of our patrons 
who have purchased yearly from us will bear out our state- 
ments. 4 

At the commencement of a season, during which' pur- 
chasers will, to a certain extent, be guided in their selec- 
tions by the prices of articles offered, we would say that the 
Company we represent are influenced more by a determina- 
tion to maintain the high reputation of their Super-Phos- 
phate, than a desire to place a cheap article upon the mar- 
ket; and that while we yield to none in the superiority of 
our Fertilizer, we do not propose as dealers to compete, of- 
fering the special inducement of loio prices. 

Owing to the increased demand last season we were com- 
pelled to disappoint some of our friends. We expect this 
winter to command a sufficient supply to meet the wants of 
the trade, and will be prepared to offer the usual discounts 
and accommodations to wholesale dealers, as well as to fill 
promptly orders for small lots. Since last season we have 
removed our office from Gunby's building to the warehouse 
formerly occupied by Mr. Wm. H. Young, on Oglethorpe 
Street, next to the Episcopal Church, where we will be 
pleased to see our friends. 

CLEMONS & JAMES, Agents. 

Columbus, Ga., December 1st, 18^3. 



HI 







Pure Chemicals at Lowest Rates!!! 



VIZ 



Sulphate of Ammonia. 

Muriate of Potash. 
Nitrate of Soda. 

Ammoniated Dissolved Bones. 
Nova Scotia Land Plaster. 

Bone Superphosphate of Lime. 

And all other ingredients for making Fertilizers. 

Purchase early and Manipulate at Leisure. 

Materials for making one ton, according to well tested formulas, 
fr.om $10 to $25. Mixed with vegetable matter, cotton seed, rich 
soil, or stable manure, makes a more reliable fertilizer than can be 
bought for three times the amount. 

Formulas for mixing supplied to our customers. 

TERMS CASH. 

Address 



HOLSTEAD i CO. 



Agricultural Depot, 
COLUMBUS, GA. 



I Never Speculate— Steady Keceipts suit me best. 



s 

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o 



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o 

«4H 



No man can become wealthy wlio puts his money 
where it earns nothing. 



It is poor economy to make money and then bury it. 



A deposit of $5 per week in The Savings Depart- 
ment of the Eagle and Phenix Manufacturing Com- 
pany will produce in fi^e j^ars $1,754 10; in ten 
years $4,111 60; in fifteen years $7,279 GO; in twen- 
ty years $11,537 28. Amount deposited in twenty 
years $5,200; accumulation of interest $6,337 28. 



Eagle & Phenix Manuf g Co., 

Columbus, Ga., has over $1,650,000 assets above and 
beyond every debt of any kind it ovres. All this is 
pledged by Special Act of Legislature, and all the 
Private Property of 243 wealthy Stockholders is like- 
wise pledged for the protection of Depositors and 
and those holding Certificates of Deposit. ^ 



Deposits can be drawn without notice. 



Seven per cent, interest is paid, compounded four 
times a year. 



TO SAVE IS TO GROW PvICH. 



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CD 

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P- 
(D 

HI 

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CD 



CD 

CD 
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Little and Often Pills the Purse. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



